![]() ![]() There has been major, albeit uneven, progress in these terms since slavery, which has unfortunately not wholly translated into equality of income: only in 2010 did the black-to-white income ratio eclipsed its 1960 level, although it appears to be at an all-time high. The social construction of race and its historiography are discussed, and new time series are presented on life expectancy, literacy, schooling, occupation, and income for Afro-Brazilian, white, Asian, and indigenous peoples. This chapter considers racial inequality in the period after independence (1822), encompassing the abolition of slavery (1888). ![]() Brazil has come nearer to equality among races yet the breach between black and white remains wide. ![]()
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May 2023
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